History of Manipur Violence: What is the Reason behind Manipur Violence?

 

Introduction:

Manipur holds significant geographical and economic importance. It is divided into two parts: the Valley, comprising 10%, and the hills, making up the remaining 90%. In this blog, we will delve into the history of Manipur's violence, exploring its origins. A subsequent blog will address the current situation in Manipur.

Manipur's History: The Transformation from Kangleipak to Manipur

In 1709, Manipur was known as Kangleipak and was ruled by King Pamheiba, also a Meitei. Pamheiba later adopted the name Garib Nawaz after converting to Hinduism, a religion introduced to him by his teacher, Shantidas, in the 17th Century. He renamed Kangleipak to the Sanskrit name Manipur and declared Hinduism as the state religion.

Pamheiba's Expansion of Manipur's Territory:

Pamheiba, also known as Garib Nawaz, extended Manipur's influence by repeatedly attacking the neighboring Kingdom of Burma, which is now Myanmar. This gradual expansion led to the connection between Manipur and Burma. The hilly areas of Manipur, including Myanmar, Nagaland, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh, were inhabited by various tribes. These tribes would move from one forest to another to exploit natural resources, resulting in their presence across different regions. Pamheiba's conquest of Myanmar further solidified Manipur's influence until his death on December 13, 1751.

The Decline of Manipur and the Burmese Rule:

Following Pamheiba's demise, Manipur's strength weakened, creating an opportunity for Burma to attack and conquer parts of Manipur. From 1819 to 1826, Manipur was under Burmese rule. The Burmese terrorized the Manipuri populace, forcing many to flee to places like Tripura, Mizoram, and Assam. This bleak period, known as the "CHAHI TARET KHUNTAKPA" (Seven Years of Devastation), left Manipur in turmoil.

British Intervention in Manipur and the Anglo-Burmese War:

Amid Manipur's struggles, the state sought British assistance due to its strategic location. The Anglo-Burmese War, spanning from 1824 to 1826, resulted in British victory and the removal of Burmese influence. The British assumed control of Manipur indirectly, imposing taxes and establishing a Princely state rule, where Manipur was divided into plains and hills. The division contributed to the current violence situation, with Meitei residing in the plains and various tribes inhabiting the hills, including Kuki and Naga tribes.

The Anglo-Kuki Conflict:

During World War I, the British enlisted Manipuri soldiers, but their attempts to involve Kuki tribes were met with resistance. In 1917, the British engaged in conflict with the Kuki tribes, ultimately winning but failing to establish direct control. They turned to social influence, introducing Christianity to the Kuki tribes and leading to a majority Christian population among them and Meitei population Hindus by their King.

Integration of Manipur into India:

After World War II, Manipur's King Bodhchandra Singh declared a state constitution in 1947. Following India's independence, Manipur's king was urged to embrace democracy. Manipur's merger with India took place in 1949, marked by an agreement signed on September 21 and implemented on October 15. While Manipur retained control over internal matters, defense, external affairs, and communication fell under India's jurisdiction.

Conclusion:

The history of Manipur is marked by territorial expansions, foreign influences, and struggles for control. The blend of various tribes and cultural groups, along with geopolitical complexities, has contributed to Manipur's complex violence situati

on, which persists to this day.